{"id":4144,"date":"2024-04-03T22:22:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T20:22:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.abpartners.cz\/?p=4144"},"modified":"2025-02-02T18:16:22","modified_gmt":"2025-02-02T17:16:22","slug":"vyslech-ditete-u-soudu-vyslech-nezletileho-v-ramci-opatrovnickeho-rizeni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abpartners.cz\/sk\/vyslech-ditete-u-soudu-vyslech-nezletileho-v-ramci-opatrovnickeho-rizeni\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdsluch die\u0165a\u0165a na s\u00fade \/ V\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho v konan\u00ed o opatrovn\u00edctve"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdsluch die\u0165a\u0165a na s\u00fade<\/h1>\n<\/div>
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V s\u00fadnych konaniach vo veciach starostlivosti o malolet\u00e9 deti, ktor\u00e9 okrem in\u00e9ho zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa konania o starostlivosti, v\u00fd\u017eivnom a styku s die\u0165a\u0165om, je popri matke a otcovi \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom aj samotn\u00e9 die\u0165a. Z toho vypl\u00fdva aj mno\u017estvo procesn\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, na ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 die\u0165a n\u00e1rok. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee s\u00fady nesm\u00fa s die\u0165a\u0165om bez oh\u013eadu na jeho vek alebo zdravotn\u00fd stav zaobch\u00e1dza\u0165 len ako s predmetom konania. Bez oh\u013eadu na vek die\u0165a\u0165a a mo\u017enos\u0165, \u017ee sa rodi\u010dia dohodn\u00fa na starostlivosti o\u0148, s\u00fad v\u017edy ustanov\u00ed die\u0165a\u0165u z\u00e1stupcu, kol\u00edzneho opatrovn\u00edka, ktor\u00fdm je zvy\u010dajne org\u00e1n soci\u00e1lnopr\u00e1vnej ochrany det\u00ed (skr\u00e1tene OSPOD). Nem\u00f4\u017ee to v\u0161ak by\u0165 OSPOD, ktor\u00fd podal n\u00e1vrh na s\u00fad (to plat\u00ed v pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f n\u00e1vrh nepodal ani jeden z rodi\u010dov die\u0165a\u0165a). O ustanoven\u00ed kol\u00edzneho opatrovn\u00edka mus\u00ed s\u00fad v\u017edy informova\u0165 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov konania prostredn\u00edctvom uznesenia. Kol\u00edzny opatrovn\u00edk chr\u00e1ni z\u00e1ujmy malolet\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a v konan\u00ed a poskytuje mu potrebn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, ak to vek a rozumov\u00e1 vyspelos\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165a dovo\u013euje. Patria sem najm\u00e4 inform\u00e1cie o tom, o \u010dom sa na s\u00fade rozhoduje, o \u00fa\u010dele konania a o jeho mo\u017en\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkoch.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom \u00fa\u010dasti malolet\u00e9ho na konan\u00ed je jeho schopnos\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor na vec. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vom die\u0165a\u0165a v konan\u00ed pred s\u00fadom pre mladistv\u00fdch je by\u0165 vypo\u010dut\u00e9. Toto pr\u00e1vo je zakotven\u00e9 v \u010dl\u00e1nku 12 Dohovoru o pr\u00e1vach die\u0165a\u0165a, ku ktor\u00e9mu prist\u00fapilo u\u017e 196 \u0161t\u00e1tov, \u010cesk\u00fa republiku nevyn\u00edmaj\u00fac. Ide o z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo die\u0165a\u0165a, ktor\u00e9 nemo\u017eno svojvo\u013ene obmedzova\u0165. Uplat\u0148ovanie tohto pr\u00e1va v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed od rozumovej vyspelosti die\u0165a\u0165a, preto\u017ee od bato\u013ea\u0165a nemo\u017eno napr\u00edklad vy\u017eadova\u0165, aby formulovalo svoje my\u0161lienky a n\u00e1zory. S vekom die\u0165a\u0165a a jeho rozumovou vyspelos\u0165ou s\u00favis\u00ed aj rozsah informovania s\u00fadu, kol\u00edzneho opatrovn\u00edka a rodi\u010dov o konan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1kon vo v\u0161eobecnosti stanovuje domnienku, \u017ee die\u0165a star\u0161ie ako 12 rokov je schopn\u00e9 prij\u00edma\u0165 inform\u00e1cie, vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 si vlastn\u00fd n\u00e1zor a oznamova\u0165 ho. Nejde v\u0161ak o striktn\u00fa hranicu, ke\u010f\u017ee samotn\u00fd \u00fastavn\u00fd s\u00fad rozhodol, \u017ee aj sedemro\u010dn\u00e9 die\u0165a je schopn\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 napr\u00edklad n\u00e1zor na to, \u010di sa mu p\u00e1\u010di v \u0161kole alebo ak\u00fdch tam m\u00e1 kamar\u00e1tov. Je na s\u00fade, aby individu\u00e1lne pos\u00fadil, \u010di je die\u0165a schopn\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor. V tomto oh\u013eade to z\u00e1vis\u00ed aj od povahy die\u0165a\u0165a, ke\u010f\u017ee niektor\u00e9 deti s\u00fa prirodzene komunikat\u00edvne a in\u00e9 s\u00fa sk\u00f4r ml\u010danliv\u00e9. Vypoveda\u0165 pred s\u00fadom je v\u0161ak pr\u00e1vom die\u0165a\u0165a, a nie jeho povinnos\u0165ou.<\/p>\n

Vy\u0161etrenie die\u0165a\u0165a m\u00f4\u017ee navrhn\u00fa\u0165 jedna zo str\u00e1n, t. j. zvy\u010dajne jeden z rodi\u010dov, ale m\u00f4\u017ee ho nariadi\u0165 aj s\u00fad, ke\u010f\u017ee konanie o starostlivosti o malolet\u00e9 deti je nesporov\u00e9 konanie, v ktorom m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00fad vykona\u0165 aj in\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy, ako navrhli strany.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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Rozhovor s die\u0165a\u0165om sa m\u00f4\u017ee uskuto\u010dni\u0165 nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi. Jedn\u00fdm zo sp\u00f4sobov, ako zisti\u0165 n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a, je pohovor s die\u0165a\u0165om na OSPOD. Hoci vo v\u0161eobecnosti by s\u00fady mali uprednostni\u0165 vypo\u010dutie die\u0165a\u0165a priamo na s\u00fade, v praxi s\u00fady \u010dasto nariadia vypo\u010dutie die\u0165a\u0165a na OSPOD. V\u00fdsluch die\u0165a\u0165a na s\u00fade sa ozna\u010duje ako v\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho, ale je ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00fd od v\u00fdsluchu in\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov konania. Be\u017enou praxou je, \u017ee na v\u00fdsluchu je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd len sudca a kol\u00edzny opatrovn\u00edk, pri\u010dom rodi\u010dia a ich z\u00e1konn\u00ed z\u00e1stupcovia \u010dakaj\u00fa mimo s\u00fadnej siene. Je to predov\u0161etk\u00fdm preto, aby sa zabezpe\u010dilo, \u017ee die\u0165a nebude ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e9, a tie\u017e aby v\u00fdsluch nebol pre die\u0165a psychicky za\u0165a\u017euj\u00faci. St\u00e1va sa aj to, \u017ee sudca si pri v\u00fdsluchu die\u0165a\u0165a vyzle\u010die tal\u00e1r, aby na die\u0165a p\u00f4sobil priate\u013eskej\u0161\u00edm dojmom, alebo si die\u0165a vezme do svojej kancel\u00e1rie, aby vytvoril \u010do najpriate\u013eskej\u0161ie prostredie. Cel\u00fd v\u00fdsluch nie je konfronta\u010dn\u00fd, ale sk\u00f4r neform\u00e1lny, pri\u010dom sa sudca sna\u017e\u00ed zisti\u0165, \u010do die\u0165a skuto\u010dne chce. N\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 aj prostredn\u00edctvom znalca, zvy\u010dajne z odboru psychol\u00f3gie, ak bol v konan\u00ed ustanoven\u00fd.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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N\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm faktorom, ale nie jedin\u00fdm. Pri rozhodovan\u00ed o \u017eivote die\u0165a\u0165a nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 bezv\u00fdhradne zoh\u013eadni\u0165 jeho n\u00e1zor bez oh\u013eadu na ostatn\u00e9 skuto\u010dnosti. Stanoven\u00fd postoj die\u0165a\u0165a k danej veci je sk\u00f4r vod\u00edtkom na prijatie rozhodnutia v najlep\u0161om z\u00e1ujme die\u0165a\u0165a. Zo z\u00e1kona vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee s\u00fad zoh\u013ead\u0148uje n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a s oh\u013eadom na jeho vek a rozumov\u00fa vyspelos\u0165. S\u00fad mus\u00ed vzh\u013eadom na ostatn\u00e9 predlo\u017een\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165, \u010di je v najlep\u0161om z\u00e1ujme die\u0165a\u0165a vyhovie\u0165 jeho \u017eelaniu, a v\u0161etky svoje \u00favahy premietnu\u0165 do od\u00f4vodnenia kone\u010dn\u00e9ho rozhodnutia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

V\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho v konan\u00ed o v\u00e4zbe
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V\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho je jedn\u00fdm zo z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch \u00fakonov na naplnenie pr\u00e1va malolet\u00e9ho vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor na veci, ktor\u00e9 sa ho t\u00fdkaj\u00fa. V \u010dl\u00e1nku 12 ods. 2 Dohovoru o pr\u00e1vach die\u0165a\u0165a sa v\u00fdslovne stanovuje, \u017ee v ka\u017edom s\u00fadnom alebo spr\u00e1vnom konan\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00facom sa malolet\u00e9ho by mal ma\u0165 malolet\u00fd mo\u017enos\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor na vec.<\/p>\n

\u00dastavn\u00fd s\u00fad v roku 2021 rozhodol, \u017ee v\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho v konan\u00ed, v ktorom je \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom, je \u00fakonom sui generis<\/b>.1 Pod\u013ea n\u00e1zoru \u00fastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu nejde o v\u00fdsluch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edka ako tak\u00fd, ale o sp\u00f4sob zis\u0165ovania n\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a. \u00dakon zameran\u00fd na zistenie n\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a treba pova\u017eova\u0165 za s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edckych pr\u00e1v die\u0165a\u0165a, nie za d\u00f4kaz. V\u00fdsluchom die\u0165a\u0165a sa prim\u00e1rne nezis\u0165uj\u00fa skuto\u010dnosti, ale postoj die\u0165a\u0165a k predmetnej veci. Pod\u013ea n\u00e1zoru \u00fastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu napr\u00edklad ani z\u00e1pisnica o takomto v\u00fdsluchu malolet\u00e9ho nie je povinn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pre\u010do je zistenie n\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a tak\u00e9 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 a pre\u010do nie je v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e9 rozhodn\u00fa\u0165 na z\u00e1klade in\u00fdch d\u00f4kazov alebo vypo\u010dutia rodi\u010dov? Die\u0165a, hoci nie je plne sp\u00f4sobil\u00e9 kona\u0165, nesmie by\u0165 pova\u017eovan\u00e9 len za objekt, o ktorom maj\u00fa rozhodova\u0165 in\u00ed. Die\u0165a nemo\u017eno postavi\u0165 ani do poz\u00edcie pas\u00edvneho pozorovate\u013ea udalost\u00ed. Najm\u00e4 malolet\u00e9 die\u0165a je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm subjektom pr\u00e1va a \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom konania, ktor\u00e9 sa ho t\u00fdka.2 Medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 zmluvy a vn\u00fatro\u0161t\u00e1tne pr\u00e1vo mu preto prizn\u00e1vaj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 pr\u00e1va \u00fa\u010dasti.<\/p>\n

Napriek vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9mu nie je potrebn\u00e9 malolet\u00e9ho bezodkladne vypo\u010du\u0165 v ka\u017edom konan\u00ed, ktor\u00e9ho je \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkom, s \u010d\u00edm sa v praxi stretol takmer ka\u017ed\u00fd advok\u00e1t alebo sudca. V prvom rade nesmie by\u0165 v\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho v rozpore s jeho najlep\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1ujmom.<\/b> T\u00e1to podmienka vypl\u00fdva u\u017e z vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00e9ho Dohovoru o pr\u00e1vach die\u0165a\u0165a, ke\u010f\u017ee stanovuje, \u017ee najlep\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1ujem die\u0165a\u0165a mus\u00ed by\u0165 prvorad\u00fdm h\u013eadiskom pri akejko\u013evek \u010dinnosti t\u00fdkaj\u00facej sa det\u00ed. S\u00fad preto mus\u00ed presk\u00fama\u0165, \u010di nie je v rozpore s najlep\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1ujmom die\u0165a\u0165a, aby zistil n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a, a to aj polo\u017een\u00edm ot\u00e1zok t\u00fdkaj\u00facich sa predmetn\u00e9ho konania. Ak zist\u00ed tak\u00fdto rozpor, je legit\u00edmne obmedzi\u0165 pr\u00e1vo malolet\u00e9ho na \u00fa\u010das\u0165 s n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00fdm od\u00f4vodnen\u00edm. M\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165 napr\u00edklad o pr\u00edpad, ke\u010f s\u00fad zist\u00ed, \u017ee vypo\u010dutie malolet\u00e9ho pred s\u00fadom by mohlo ma\u0165 negat\u00edvny vplyv na jeho psychick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj.<\/p>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm aspektom, ktor\u00fd mus\u00ed s\u00fad presk\u00fama\u0165 predt\u00fdm, ako prist\u00fapi k samotn\u00e9mu v\u00fdsluchu malolet\u00e9ho, je schopnos\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165a riadne prija\u0165 inform\u00e1cie a vytvori\u0165 si vlastn\u00fd n\u00e1zor, ktor\u00fd by potom bolo schopn\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mi\u0165. Logicky je jasn\u00e9, \u017ee najmlad\u0161ie deti pred\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho veku toho nebud\u00fa schopn\u00e9. Kde je v\u0161ak hranica, kedy mo\u017eno o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee die\u0165a u\u017e bude schopn\u00e9 formulova\u0165 vlastn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, nie je striktne dan\u00e9. Z\u00e1kon vo v\u0161eobecnosti stanovuje domnienku, \u017ee die\u0165a star\u0161ie ako 12 rokov je schopn\u00e9 prij\u00edma\u0165 inform\u00e1cie, vytvori\u0165 si vlastn\u00fd n\u00e1zor a tento n\u00e1zor ozn\u00e1mi\u0165. Ide v\u0161ak o vyvr\u00e1tite\u013en\u00fa domnienku a aj mlad\u0161ie die\u0165a je toho schopn\u00e9, a naopak star\u0161ie die\u0165a nemus\u00ed by\u0165, napr\u00edklad z d\u00f4vodu zdravotn\u00e9ho postihnutia (ale o tom viac ni\u017e\u0161ie).<\/p>\n

\u00dastavn\u00fd s\u00fad sa u\u017e zaoberal pr\u00edpadmi, v ktor\u00fdch kon\u0161tatoval, \u017ee aj \u0161es\u0165ro\u010dn\u00e9 die\u0165a je schopn\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 sa k veci, ktor\u00e1 sa ho t\u00fdka.3 Ak chce s\u00fad vypo\u010du\u0165 die\u0165a, nie je absol\u00fatne nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby malolet\u00e9 die\u0165a rozumelo celej situ\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 sa na s\u00fade rie\u0161i komplexne, sta\u010d\u00ed, ak jej rozumie nato\u013eko, aby sa k nej mohlo vyjadri\u0165<\/b>. Deti so zdravotn\u00fdm postihnut\u00edm nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 vynechan\u00e9. Aj tieto zranite\u013en\u00e9 deti maj\u00fa n\u00e1rok na primeran\u00e9 pr\u00e1va \u00fa\u010dasti a od v\u00fdsluchu malolet\u00e9ho nemo\u017eno bez \u010fal\u0161ieho upusti\u0165 na z\u00e1klade inform\u00e1cie, \u017ee je napr\u00edklad ment\u00e1lne postihnut\u00fd. S\u00fad mus\u00ed d\u00f4kladne presk\u00fama\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161enia v\u00fdsluchu takejto maloletej osoby a informova\u0165 ju o konan\u00ed.4<\/p>\n

Rozhodnutie o tom, \u010di sa vykon\u00e1 alebo nevykon\u00e1 v\u00fdsluch, je v\u0161ak plne v kompetencii s\u00fadu, ke\u010f\u017ee je to s\u00fad, kto rozhoduje o rozsahu d\u00f4kazov potrebn\u00fdch na zistenie skutkov\u00e9ho stavu veci.5<\/p>\n

Na tomto mieste je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00e1vo die\u0165a\u0165a vyjadri\u0165 svoj n\u00e1zor je len pr\u00e1vom a nie povinnos\u0165ou. <\/b>Die\u0165a mus\u00ed ma\u0165 nielen mo\u017enos\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 sa k situ\u00e1cii, ale aj ni\u010d nepoveda\u0165 a ml\u010da\u0165. S\u00fad mus\u00ed da\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165u aj mo\u017enos\u0165 odmietnu\u0165 vypoveda\u0165. To sa m\u00f4\u017ee sta\u0165 napr\u00edklad vtedy, ak die\u0165a nechce by\u0165 s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou konfliktu medzi rodi\u010dmi. Die\u0165a nemo\u017eno v \u017eiadnom veku n\u00fati\u0165 k v\u00fdpovedi, ale malo by ma\u0165 len mo\u017enos\u0165 vyjadri\u0165 sa k veci.6<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a mo\u017eno okrem v\u00fdsluchu na s\u00fade zisti\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom z\u00e1stupcu, znaleck\u00e9ho posudku alebo pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho org\u00e1nu soci\u00e1lnopr\u00e1vnej ochrany det\u00ed. Hoci z\u00e1kon stanovuje, \u017ee n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a mo\u017eno t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom zis\u0165ova\u0165 vo v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch, v praxi je pohovor s OSPOD ve\u013emi \u010dast\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, ako s\u00fad zis\u0165uje postoj die\u0165a\u0165a k prejedn\u00e1vanej veci. Z ust\u00e1lenej judikat\u00fary z\u00e1rove\u0148 jasne vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee je len v najlep\u0161om z\u00e1ujme die\u0165a\u0165a zisti\u0165 jeho n\u00e1zor in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom ako priamo na s\u00fade a tak\u00fdto postup mus\u00ed by\u0165 v\u017edy riadne od\u00f4vodnen\u00fd<\/b>.7<\/p>\n

Ak s\u00fad dospeje k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee je potrebn\u00e9 pribra\u0165 znalca na zodpovedanie odbornej ot\u00e1zky, m\u00f4\u017ee si vy\u017eiada\u0165 aj n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a. Znalec sa zvy\u010dajne priber\u00e1, ak existuje podozrenie, \u017ee niekto zo z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch trp\u00ed du\u0161evnou alebo telesnou poruchou, alebo ak je situ\u00e1cia nejasn\u00e1. Vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine pr\u00edpadov ide o situ\u00e1cie, ke\u010f sa rodi\u010dia nedok\u00e1\u017eu dohodn\u00fa\u0165.8 V z\u00e1sade bude znalcom odborn\u00edk v oblasti psychol\u00f3gie. Tak\u00fdto psychol\u00f3g by mal zisti\u0165 skuto\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a, nie n\u00e1zor ovplyvnen\u00fd alebo prevzat\u00fd od jedn\u00e9ho z rodi\u010dov.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby zis\u0165ovania n\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a v danom konan\u00ed by sa mali pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 najm\u00e4 v pr\u00edpade mlad\u0161\u00edch det\u00ed, ke\u010f\u017ee die\u0165a star\u0161ie ako 12 rokov by u\u017e malo by\u0165 zvy\u010dajne vypo\u010dut\u00e9 priamo na s\u00fade. Ak m\u00e1 die\u0165a aspo\u0148 15 rokov, s\u00fad je dokonca povinn\u00fd doru\u010di\u0165 die\u0165a\u0165u p\u00edsomnos\u0165 osobne, a nie prostredn\u00edctvom z\u00e1stupcu, \u010d\u00edm sa roz\u0161iruj\u00fa pr\u00e1va die\u0165a\u0165a na \u00fa\u010das\u0165. Osobn\u00fd v\u00fdsluch na s\u00fade je vhodnej\u0161\u00ed aj preto, \u017ee die\u0165a vypo\u010d\u00fava osoba, ktor\u00e1 n\u00e1sledne rozhoduje vo veci samej. Doch\u00e1dza tak k men\u0161iemu po\u010dtu nespr\u00e1vnych interpret\u00e1ci\u00ed, ako ke\u010f die\u0165a vyjadruje svoj n\u00e1zor opatrovn\u00edkovi alebo znalcovi, ktor\u00fd ho potom \"preklad\u00e1\" s\u00fadu. S\u00fad tak m\u00f4\u017ee interpretova\u0165 inform\u00e1cie poskytnut\u00e9 znalcom alebo opatrovn\u00edkom inak, ako ich zam\u00fd\u0161\u013ealo die\u0165a.<\/p>\n

Ak s\u00fad nariadi v\u00fdsluch malolet\u00e9ho pred s\u00fadom, m\u00f4\u017ee sa vykona\u0165 bez pr\u00edtomnosti rodi\u010dov, ich z\u00e1konn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov alebo in\u00fdch os\u00f4b, ak sa s\u00fad domnieva, \u017ee ich pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 by mohla ovplyvni\u0165 v\u00fdpove\u010f malolet\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd by nemusel vyjadri\u0165 svoj pravdiv\u00fd n\u00e1zor. S\u00fad tie\u017e nie je povinn\u00fd vypo\u010du\u0165 die\u0165a v s\u00fadnej sieni, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee zvoli\u0165 menej form\u00e1lne prostredie, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 napr\u00edklad kancel\u00e1ria sudcu. Sudca m\u00f4\u017ee die\u0165a nav\u0161t\u00edvi\u0165 aj v zn\u00e1mom prostred\u00ed, napr\u00edklad v \u0161kole. Tieto opatrenia okrem in\u00e9ho umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa, aby bol v\u00fdsluch pre die\u0165a menej za\u0165a\u017euj\u00faci. Sudca by mal tie\u017e vies\u0165 cel\u00fd pohovor s die\u0165a\u0165om nie ako konfronta\u010dn\u00fd rozhovor, ale sk\u00f4r ako neform\u00e1lnu diskusiu o danej t\u00e9me. Ur\u010dite nie je \u017eiaduce, aby die\u0165a po\u010das pohovoru st\u00e1lo \"za plotom\" a b\u00e1lo sa hovori\u0165. Die\u0165a v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 po\u010das pohovoru pri sebe d\u00f4vern\u00edka, ktor\u00fd nie je jeho z\u00e1konn\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcom, ak o to po\u017eiada. Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 tak\u00e9hoto d\u00f4vern\u00edka m\u00f4\u017ee s\u00fad vyl\u00fa\u010di\u0165 len vtedy, ak by sa t\u00fdm zmaril \u00fa\u010del v\u00fdsluchu. Die\u0165a mus\u00ed rozumie\u0165 tomu, na \u010do sa ho sudca p\u00fdta, \u010do by mal sudca zabezpe\u010di\u0165.<\/p>\n

Osobne sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie stret\u00e1vame s praxou s\u00fadov, ke\u010f sudca po\u0161le rodi\u010dov a ich z\u00e1konn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupcov na chodbu s\u00fadu, odoberie im r\u00facho a die\u0165a vypo\u010d\u00fava v s\u00fadnej sieni len za pr\u00edtomnosti opatrovn\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Uplat\u0148ovanie pr\u00e1va malolet\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a by\u0165 vypo\u010dut\u00e9 by sa v\u0161ak nemalo zameriava\u0165 len na samotn\u00fd v\u00fdsluch. Naopak, malo by sa vykona\u0165 nasleduj\u00facich 5 krokov. Pr\u00edprava, samotn\u00e9 vypo\u010dutie, pos\u00fadenie sp\u00f4sobilosti die\u0165a\u0165a, informovanie die\u0165a\u0165a o tom, \u017ee sa venuje pozornos\u0165 jeho n\u00e1zorom a opravn\u00fdm prostriedkom.<\/b> Pr\u00edprava by mala okrem in\u00e9ho spo\u010d\u00edva\u0165 v informovan\u00ed die\u0165a\u0165a o jeho pr\u00e1ve poda\u0165 v\u00fdpove\u010f, ako je uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, pri\u010dom by mala zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 inform\u00e1ciu, \u017ee die\u0165a nemus\u00ed poda\u0165 v\u00fdpove\u010f, ak si to ne\u017eel\u00e1. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je tie\u017e informova\u0165 die\u0165a o tom, ak\u00fd vplyv bude ma\u0165 jeho vyhl\u00e1senie na v\u00fdsledok konania.<\/p>\n

Pokia\u013e ide o samotn\u00fd priebeh v\u00fdsluchu, \u00fastavn\u00fd s\u00fad uviedol, \u017ee nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 kl\u00e1s\u0165 len priame, stru\u010dn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, ale je potrebn\u00e9 komplexne presk\u00fama\u0165 \u017eelania die\u0165a\u0165a prostredn\u00edctvom s\u00e9rie nepriamych ot\u00e1zok.11 Tento postup je o to d\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed v pr\u00edpade mlad\u0161\u00edch det\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vzh\u013eadom na vy\u0161\u0161ie uveden\u00fd z\u00e1ver \u00fastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu, \u017ee nie je potrebn\u00e9 vyhotovi\u0165 z\u00e1pisnicu o v\u00fdsluchu malolet\u00e9ho, je ak\u00e1ko\u013evek obrana ostatn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edkov konania proti pr\u00edpadn\u00fdm rozporom v rozhodnut\u00ed a n\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a znemo\u017enen\u00e1. Rodi\u010dia a ostatn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci konania s\u00fa tak odk\u00e1zan\u00ed len na to, \u010do im povie s\u00fad, pri\u010dom spravidla ide len o zhrnutie toho, \u010do malolet\u00fd vypovedal.<\/p>\n

Pri rozhodovan\u00ed vo veci samej s\u00fad zoh\u013eadn\u00ed n\u00e1zory die\u0165a\u0165a, najm\u00e4 vzh\u013eadom na jeho vek.<\/b> Vo v\u0161eobecnosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm je die\u0165a star\u0161ie, t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu v\u00e1hu s\u00fad priklad\u00e1 jeho n\u00e1zoru a n\u00e1zor malolet\u00fdch bl\u00ed\u017eiacich sa k plnoletosti nemo\u017eno ignorova\u0165.12 Tieto z\u00e1very samozrejme neznamenaj\u00fa, \u017ee by sa n\u00e1zor mal\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a nebral do \u00favahy. N\u00e1zoru die\u0165a\u0165a mus\u00ed s\u00fad prizna\u0165 n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00fa v\u00e1hu. N\u00e1zor die\u0165a\u0165a v\u0161ak nemo\u017eno do rozhodnutia zahrn\u00fa\u0165 bez \u010fal\u0161ieho zoh\u013eadnenia, t. j. rozhodnutie nem\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zalo\u017een\u00e9 len na \u017eelan\u00ed die\u0165a\u0165a. Naopak, s\u00fad mus\u00ed starostlivo a komplexne vyhodnoti\u0165 v\u0161etky predlo\u017een\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy a zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 ich z h\u013eadiska najlep\u0161ieho z\u00e1ujmu die\u0165a\u0165a.13<\/p>\n

Die\u0165a by malo by\u0165 informovan\u00e9 aj o v\u00fdsledku konania a malo by mu by\u0165 ozn\u00e1men\u00e9, ako boli zoh\u013eadnen\u00e9 jeho n\u00e1zory. Len tak m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 legit\u00edmny pr\u00edstup k opravn\u00fdm prostriedkom.14<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div>

Mgr. Lucie Jindrov\u00e1<\/b>, advok\u00e1tsky koncipient<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/div><\/div>

1. Uznesenie \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 18. 10. 2021, sp. zn. II. \u00daS 1845\/21
\n2. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 15. novembra 2023, sp. zn. III \u00daS 1068\/22.
\n3. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 9. janu\u00e1ra 2018, sp. zn. IV \u00daS 3749\/17.
\n4. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 15. novembra 2023, sp. zn. III \u00daS 1068\/22.
\n5. Uznesenie \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 20. j\u00fana 2023, sp. zn. I. \u00daS 1096\/23
\n6. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 28. febru\u00e1ra 2018, sp. zn. II. \u00daS 2866\/17.
\n7. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky zo 7. septembra 2023, sp. zn. II \u00daS 1192\/22.
\n8. PAVL\u00c1T, Josef, MATOU\u0160EK, Old\u0159ich. Znaleck\u00e9 posudky v oblasti opatrovn\u00edctva - odpor\u00fa\u010dania, n\u00e1mietky, \u00faskalia. \u010ces a slovensk\u00e1 psychiatria 2016; 112(2).
\n9. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 28. febru\u00e1ra 2018, sp. zn. II. \u00daS 2866\/17.
\n10. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 8. okt\u00f3bra 2018, sp. zn. II. \u00daS 725\/18.
\n11. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 18. decembra 2014, sp. zn. I. \u00daS 1708\/14.
\n12. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 15. augusta 2022, sp. zn. II \u00daS 1626\/22.
\n13. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 15. augusta 2022, sp. zn. II \u00daS 1626\/22.
\n14. N\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu \u010ceskej republiky z 8. okt\u00f3bra 2018, sp. zn. II. \u00daS 725\/18.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":4386,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"rs_blank_template":"","rs_page_bg_color":"","slide_template_v7":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34,1,69,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-nezarazene","category-procesni-pravo","category-rodinne-pravo"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00fdslech d\u00edt\u011bte u soudu \/ V\u00fdslech nezletil\u00e9ho v r\u00e1mci opatrovnick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed - AB PARTNERS advok\u00e1ti<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.abpartners.cz\/sk\/vyslech-ditete-u-soudu-vyslech-nezletileho-v-ramci-opatrovnickeho-rizeni\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00fdslech d\u00edt\u011bte u soudu \/ V\u00fdslech nezletil\u00e9ho v r\u00e1mci opatrovnick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed - 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